Refine your search
Collections
Co-Authors
Journals
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Sahoo, S. K.
- Graphene: a Fascinating Material
Abstract Views :392 |
PDF Views:104
Authors
S. Sahoo
1,
S. K. Sahoo
2
Affiliations
1 Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur – 713209, West Bengal,, IN
2 Department of Physics, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology University, Bhubaneswar – 751024, Orissa,, IN
1 Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur – 713209, West Bengal,, IN
2 Department of Physics, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology University, Bhubaneswar – 751024, Orissa,, IN
Source
Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 2, No 12 (2009), Pagination: 74-78Abstract
Graphene is the first two-dimensional allotrope of carbon. Recent theoretical studies of graphene reveal that the linear electronic band dispersion near the Brillouin zone corners give rise to electrons and holes that propagate as if they are massless fermions and anomalous quantum transport is observed experimentally. Graphene has potential for serving as an excellent electronic material that can be used in place of silicon for making ultrafast and stable transistors. It is considered as a promising candidate for electronics and spintronics applications. It provides a bridge between condensed matter physics and quantum electrodynamics.Keywords
Carbon, Graphene, Dirac Fermions, Anomalous Quantum Hall EffectFull Text
References
- Apalkov VM and Chakraborty T (2006) Fractional quantum Hall states of Dirac electrons in graphene. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 126801-1 – 126801-4.
- Basu B (2008) Graphene: carbon in two dimensions. Sci. Reporter. 45 (7), 33-35.
- Brumfiel G (2009) Graphene gets ready for the big time. Nature. 458, 390-391.
- Geim AK and MacDonald AH (2007) Graphene: exploring carbon flatland. Physics Today. 60, 35-41.
- Geim AK and Novoselov KS (2007) The rise of graphene. Nature Mater. 6, 183-191.
- Goerbig MO and Regnault N (2007) Analysis of a SU(4) generalization of Halperin’s wave functions as an approach towards a SU(4) fractional quantum Hall effect in graphene sheets. Phys. Rev. B. 75, 241405- 1 – 241405-4 [arXiv: cond-mat/ 0701661].
- Gusynin VP and Sharapov SG (2005) Unconventional integer quantum Hall effect in graphene. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 146801-1 – 146801-4 [arXiv: cond-mat/0506575].
- Heersche HB et al. (2006) Presented at Nanophysics: from Fundamentals to Applications, Hanoi, Vietnam (August 2006).
- Heersche HB et al. (2007) Induced superconductivity in graphene. Solid State Commun. 143, 72-76.
- Iijima S (1991) Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature. 354, 56-58.
- Jacoby M and Chicago C & EN (2009) Graphene: Carbon as thin as can be. www.cen-online.org, pp: 14– 20 (March 2009)
- Katsnelson MI (2007) Graphene: carbon in two dimensions. Materialstoday. 10(1-2), 20-27.
- Kroto HW, Heath JR, O’Brein SC, Curl RF and Smalley RE (1985) C60: Buckminster fullerene. Nature. 318, 162-163.
- Novoselov KS et al. (2007) Room-temperature quantum Hall effect in graphene. Science. 315, 1379
- Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV, Dubonos SV, Zhang Y, and Jiang D (2004b) Room-temperature electric field effect and carrier type inversion in graphene films. arXiv:cond-mat/0410631.
- Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV, Jiang D, Katsnelson MI, Grigorieva IV, Dubonos SV and Firsov AA (2005) Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene. Nature. 438, 197-200.
- Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos SV, Grigorieva IV and Firsov AA (2004a) Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science. 306, 666-669.
- Papic Z, Goerbig MO and Regnault N (2009) Theoretical expectations for a fractional quantum Hall effect in graphene. arXiv:0902.3233 [Cond-mat.meshall] 18 Feb 2009.
- Peres NMR, Guinea F and Castro Neto AH (2006) Electronic properties of disordered two-dimensional carbon. Phys. Rev. B. 73, 125411-1 – 125411-23 [arXiv: cond-mat/0506709].
- Ponomarenko LA et al. (2008) Chaotic Dirac billiard in graphene quantum dots. Science. 320, 356-358.
- Sahoo S and Das S (2009a) Fractional quantum Hall effect in graphene. Indian J. Pure & Appl. Phys. 47 (9), 658-662.
- Sahoo S and Das S (2009b) Supersymmetric structure of fractional quantum Hall effect in graphene. Indian J. Pure & Appl. Phys. 47 (3), 186-191.
- Sahoo S and Goswami M (2007) Fractional quantum Hall effect. IAPT Bulletin. 24 (12), 388-391.
- Srinivasan C (2007) Graphene: mother of all graphitic materials. Curr. Sci. 92, 1338-1339.
- Tőke C and Jain JK (2007) SU(4) composite fermions in graphene: new fractional quantum Hall states. arXiv: cond-mat/0701026.
- Tőke C, Lammert PE, Crespi VH and Jain JK (2006) Fractional quantum Hall effect in graphene. Phys. Rev. B 74, 235417-1 – 235417-5.
- Wikipedia-Graphene (12th May 2009).
- Yang K (2007) Spontaneous symmetry breaking and quantum Hall effect in graphene. Solid State Commun. 143, 27-32 [arXiv:cond-mat/0703757].
- Yang K, Das Sarma S and MacDonald AH (2006) Collective modes skyrmion excitations in graphene SU(4) quantum Hall ferromagnets. Phys. Rev. B. 74, 075423-1 – 075423-8 [arXiv: cond-mat/0605666].
- Zhang Y, Tan YW, Stormer HL, and Kim P (2005) Experimental observation of the quantum Hall effect and Berry’s phase in graphene. Nature. 438, 201-204.
- Distribution of Naturally Occurring Radionuclides Uranium and 226Ra in Groundwater Adjoining Uranium Complex of Turamdih, Jharkhand, India
Abstract Views :225 |
PDF Views:130
Authors
Affiliations
1 Health Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, IN
2 Uranium Corporation of India Limited, Turamdih 832 102, IN
1 Health Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, IN
2 Uranium Corporation of India Limited, Turamdih 832 102, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 108, No 12 (2015), Pagination: 2266-2272Abstract
Estimation of radionuclide content is essential for assessment of individual exposure in areas where groundwater is the principal source of drinking water. Elevated levels can be expected in areas known for radioactive mineral deposits and anthropogenic activities like mining and ore processing industry. The aim of this study is to determine the uranium and 226Ra in groundwater sources adjoining and away from uranium mining and ore processing industry at Turamdih, Jharkhand. The concentration of uranium in well/tubewell samples analysed nearby and away from the tailings ponds ranged from 0.1 to 8.4 μg l-1 and 226Ra varied from 4 to 269 mBq l-1. The wide variation of activity concentration is due to regions of uranium deposits with elevated level of radium in the earth's crust and geological faults, when compared to lower concentration profile of radium in earth crust. The ingestion of uranium and 226Ra in the adult population residing around Turamdih mining complex through drinking water sources ranged from 0.81 μSv year-1 to 3.8 μSv year-1 respectively. This is much lower than 100 μSv year-1, that is recommended by WHO for ingestion from intake of a single radionuclide. The groundwater monitoring carried out over four years around Turamdih mining complex indicates that there has been no observable impact on groundwater sources due to mining and ore processing activities in this region.Keywords
Groundwater, Ingestion Dose, 226Ra, Uranium.Full Text
- Persistence and Dissipation of Triazophos in Bitter Gourd
Abstract Views :160 |
PDF Views:91
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Agricultural Entomology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia-741 252, IN
2 Malda Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, B.S. Farm, Ratua, Malda, West Bengal, IN
3 Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia-741 252, IN
1 Department of Agricultural Entomology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia-741 252, IN
2 Malda Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, B.S. Farm, Ratua, Malda, West Bengal, IN
3 Department of Agricultural Chemicals, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia-741 252, IN
Source
Journal of Horticultural Sciences, Vol 3, No 1 (2008), Pagination: 82-83Abstract
Triazophos (Trazan 40 EC) @ 0.06% a.i. (1.5 ml/lt. of water) and 0.12% a.i. (3 ml/lt. of water) were sprayed on bitter gourd at fruiting stage during kharif, 2003. First spray was done at 45 days after sowing and next at 15 days after first spraying. Fruit samples for residue estimation were collected after second application of pesticide. The maximum initial residue of 0.31 and 0.79 ppm were recorded after 2 h of second spray. No residue could be detected after 7 days following application at 0.06% a.i./ha and after 15 days of spraying following spray at double the recommended dose. Half-life values of Triazophos used @ 0.06% and 0.12% a.i. were found to be 0.75 and 1.55 days, respectively.Keywords
Bitter Gourd, Triazophos, Residue, Half-Life.Full Text
- Effect of Dispersing Agent on the Characteristics of Eudragit Microspheres
Abstract Views :196 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Affiliations
1 University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar-751004, IN
2 University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar – 751004, IN
1 University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar-751004, IN
2 University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar – 751004, IN
Source
Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Dosage Form and Technology, Vol 2, No 1 (2010), Pagination: 67-71Abstract
Eudragit RS microspheres containing Indina vir sulphate for oral use were prepared using two different dispersing agents: aluminium stearate and magnesium stearate, by solvent evaporation method. The effects of the type and concentration of the dispersing agents and the inner phase polymer concentration on the size of microspheres was studied. The morphology of microspheres was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The surface of microspheres prepared with aluminium stearate was smoother and non-porous. When magnesium stearate was used as dispersing agents, the particle size of microspheres decreased. Increasing amounts of this dispersing agent led to the accumulation of their free particles onto the surfaces of the microspheres. The drug release from the microspheres was faster with the microspheres from aluminium stearate based on their hydrophobic structures. The encapsulation efficiency is more in case of aluminium stearate in comparison to magnesium stearate. Formulation containing aluminium stearate shows a more sustained effect than formulation containing magnesium stearate. This may due to fact that aluminium stearate is more hydrophobic in comparison to magnesium stearate.
Keywords
Indinavir Sulphate, Dispersing Agent, Eudragit RS 100, Controlled Release.
- Positive Impact of Abiotic Stress on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
Abstract Views :224 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.), IN
2 Department of Plant Physiology, Agricultural Biochemistry, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Indira Gandhi Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), IN
1 Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.), IN
2 Department of Plant Physiology, Agricultural Biochemistry, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Indira Gandhi Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), IN
Source
International Journal of Plant Sciences, Vol 12, No 2 (2017), Pagination: 309-313Abstract
Abiotic stress is the imbalance in the environmental status that affects the normal growth, development and reproduction of an organism. Various abiotic stresses are drought, salinity, heat, flood, reactive oxygen species etc. Generally stress cause reduction in quality and quantity of yield in agricultural crops. But in case of medicinal and aromatic plant it has been found to enhance both qualitative and quantitative yield. In this article we are going to understand the mechanism that will change our view towards abiotic stresses.Keywords
Abiotic Stress, Medicinal Plants, Quality Yield, Advantage of Stress.References
- Abbaszadeh, B., Aliabadi, F.H. and Morteza, E. (2009). Effects of irrigation levels on essential oil of balm (Melissa officinalis L.) American-Eurasian J. Sustain. Agric., 3 : 53-56. 1996; 45:133-6. S0734-9750(02)00007-1.
- Abel, A.J., Sutherland, M.W. and Guest, D.I. (2003). Production of reactive oxygen species during nonspecific elicitation, non-host resistance and field resistance expression in cultures of tobacco cells. Func. Plant Biol., 30 : 91-99.
- Albright, L.D., Both, A.J. and Chiu, A.J. (2000). Controlling greenhouse light to a consistent daily integral. Trans. ASAE, 43 : 421-431.
- Ali, M.B., Hahn, E.J. and Paek, K.Y. (2005). Effects of temperature on oxidative stress defense systems, lipid peroxidation and lipoxygenase activity in phalaenopsis. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 43 : 213-223.
- Ali, R.M. and Abbas, H.M. (2003). Response of salt stressed barley seedlings to phenylurea. Plant Soil Environ., 49 : 158-162.
- Anasari, P. and Asghari, G. (2008). Effects of light and differentiation on gingerol and zingiberene production in callus culture of Zingiber Officinale Rosc. Res Pharm Sci., 3 : 59-63.
- Baher, Z.F., Mirza, M., Ghorbanil, M. and Rezaii, M.Z. (2002). The influence of water stress on plant height, herbal and essential oil yield and composition in Satureja hortensis L. Flavour & Fragrance J., 17 : 275-277.
- Brachet, J. and Cosson, L. (1986). Changes in the total alkaloid content of Datura innoxia Mill. subjected to salt stress. J. Exp. Bot., 37: 650-656.
- Cao, H.X., Sun, C.X., Shao, H.B. and Lei, X.T. (2011). Effects of low temperature and drought on the physiological and growth changes in oil palm seedlings. African J. Biotech., 10 : 2630-2637.
- Carpita, N.C. and Gibeaut, D.M. (1993). Structural models of primary cell walls in flowering plants: consistency of molecular structure with the physical properties of the walls during growth. Plant J., 3 : 1-30.
- Cassi-Lit, M.T. (2005). Effects of crude and partially purified extracts from UV-Birradiated rice leaves on Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). Photochem. Photobiol., 81 : 1101-1106.
- Cavalcanti, B.C., Costa-Lotufo, L.V., Moraes, M.O., Burbano, R.R., Silveira, E.R., Cunha, K.M., Rao, V.S., Moura, D.J., Rosa, R.M., Henriques, J.A. and Pessoa, C. (2006). Genotoxicity evaluation of kaurenoic acid, a bioactive diterpenoid present in Copaiba oil. Food Chem. Toxicol., 44 : 388-392.
- Chalker-Scott, L. and Fnchigami, L.H. (1989). The role of phenolic compounds in plant stress responses. In: Paul HL, Ed. Low temperature stress physiology in crops. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc.:40.
- Chattopadhyay, A. and Subramanyam, K. (1993). Changes in oil yield of C. wintrianus suffering from iron chlorosis. J. Ind. Soc. Soil., 41 : 166-167.
- Chung, I., Park, M.R., Rehman, S. and Yun, S.J. (2001). Tissue specific and inducible expression of resveratrol synthase gene in peanut plants. Mol. Cells, 12 : 353-359.
- Dixon, R.A. and Paiva, N. (1995). Stressed induced phenyl propanoid metabolism. Plant Cell, 7 : 1085-1097; PMID:12242399; DOI: 10.1105/tpc.7.7.1085.
- Gao, W., Zheng, Y., Slusser, J.R., Heisler, G.M., Grant, R.H., Xu, J. and He, D. (2004). Effects of supplementary ultraviolet-B irradiance on maize yield and qualities: A field experiment. Photochem. Photobiol., 80:127-131.
- Gosset, D.R., Millhollon, E.P. and Lucas, M.C. (1994). Antioxidant response to NaCl stress in salt-tolerant and salt sensitive cultivars of cotton. Crop Sci., 34 : 706-714.
- Havkin-Frenkel, D., Podstolski, A. and Knorr, D. (1996). Effect of light on vanillin precursors formation by in vitro cultures of Vanilla planifolia. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult., 45 : 13313-6.
- Jochum, Gera M., Mudge, Kenneth,W. and Thomas, Richard B. (2007). Elevated temperatures increase leaf senescence and Root secondary metabolite concentrations in the understory herb Panax quinquefolius (araliaceae). Am. J. Bot., 94 : 819-826; PMID:21636451.
- Johnson, C.B., Kirby, J., Naxakis, G. and Pearson, S. (1999). Substantial UV-B-mediated induction of essential oils in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Photochem., 51 : 507-510.
- Khalighi, A., Abad, J. and Khara, J. (2007). Effect of cadmium toxicity on the level of lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzyme activity in wheat plants colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Pakistan J. Biol. Sci., 10 : 2413-2417.
- Ksouri, R., Megdiche, W., Debez, A., Falleh, H., Grignon, C. and Abdelly, C. (2007). Salinity effects on polyphenol content and antioxidant activities in leaves of the halophyte Cakile maritima. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 45 : 244-249.
- Lee, C.K., Lu, C.K., Kuo, Y.H., Chen, J.Z. and Sun, G.Z. (2004). New prenylated Xavones from the ischolar_mains of Ficus beecheyana. J. Chin. Chem. Soc., 51: 437-442.
- Li, T.S.C., Mazza, G., Cottrell, A.C. and Gao, L. (1996). Ginsenosides in ischolar_mains and leaves of American ginseng. J. Agric. Food. Chem., 44 : 717-720.
- Mahajan, S. (2007). Calcium signaling network in plants: an overview. Plant Signal Behav., 2 : 79-85; PMID:19516972.
- Mittler, R., Vanderauwera, S., Gallery, M. and van Breusegem, F. (2004). Reactive oxygen gene network of plants. Trends Plant Sci., 9 : 490-498.
- Rao, S.R. and Ravishankar, G.A.(1989). Plant cell cultures: chemical factories of secondary metabolites. Biotechnol. Adv., 2002; 20 : 101-53; PMID:14538059; DOI:10.1016/ Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc. 1989:40.
- Rengel, Z. (1992). Role of calcium in aluminium toxicity. New Phytol., 121 : 499-513.
- Rosemann, D., Heller, W. and Sandermann, H. (1991). Biochemical plant reponses to ozone. II. Induction of stilbene biosynthesis in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings. Plant Physiol., 97 : 1280-1286; PMID:16668544.
- Sangwan, N.S., Farooqi, A.H.A. and Sangwan, R.S. (1994). Effect of drought stress on growth and essential oil metabolism in lemongrass. New Plant Physiologists, 128 : 173-179.
- Sangwan, R.S., Farooqi, A.H.A., Bansal, R.D. and Sangwan, N.S. (1993). Interspecific variation in physiological and metabolic responses of five species of Cymbopogon to water stress. J. Plant Physiol., 142 : 618-622.
- Sharma, P. and Dubey, R.S. (2005). Lead toxicity in plants. Braz. J. Plant Physiol., 17 : 35-52.
- Simon, J.E., Reiss- Buben heim, D., Joly, R.J. and Charles, D.J. (1992). Water stress induced alteration in essential oil content and composition of sweet basil. J. Essential Oil Res., 4 : 71-75.
- Suzuki, N. and Mittler, R. (2006). Reactive oxygen species and temperature stresses: a delicate balance between signaling and destruction. Physiol. Plant, 126 : 45-51.
- Szabo, B., Tyihak, E., Szabo, L.G. and Botz, L. (2003). Mycotoxin and drought stress induced change of alkaloid content of Papaver somniferum plantlets. Acta Bot. Hung., 45 : 409-417.
- Thomas, R.O. (1948). Photoperiodic responses of maize. Iowa St Col. J. Sci., 23 : 86-88.
- Tuteja, N. (2007). Mechanisms of high salinity tolerance in plants. Methods Enzymol, 428 : 419-438.
- Tuteja, N. and Mahajan , S. (2007). Further characterization of calcineurin B-like protein and its interacting partner CBL-interacting protein kinase from Pisum sativum. Plant Signal Behav., 2 : 358-361.
- Wang, D.H., Du, F., Liu, H.Y. and Liang, Z.S. (2010). Drought stress increases iridoid glycosides biosynthesis in the ischolar_mains of Scrophularia ningpoensis seedlings. J. Med. Plants Res., 4 : 2691-2699.
- Xu, Z., Zhou, G. and Shimizu, H. (2010). Plant responses to drought and rewatering. Plant Signal Behav., 5 : 649-654; PMID:20404516; DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.6.11398.
- Zhang, W., Seki, M. and Furusaki, S. (1997). Effect of temperature and its shift on growth and anthocyanin production in suspension cultures of strawberry cells. Plant Sci., 127:207-214.
- Zheng, Z., Sheth, U., Nadiga, M., Pinkham, J.L. and Shetty, K. (2001) A model for the role of the proline linked pentose phosphate pathway in polymeric dye tolerance in oregano. Proc. Biochem., 36 : 941-946.
- Zhu, J.K. (2003). Regulation of ion homeostasis under salt stress. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 6 : 441-445.
- A Class of Upper Bound Solutions for Plane-Strain Extrusion
Abstract Views :314 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
N. S. Das
1,
S. K. Sahoo
1
Affiliations
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769 008, IN
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769 008, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 4, No 5 (2005), Pagination: 17-22Abstract
In the present investigation a class of upper bound solutions are proposed for plane-strain extrusion through square dies at different area reductions. The variation of normalized mean extrusion pressure with area reduction has been computed for a number of die geometries and for different values of friction conditions at the interfaces. A non-linear optimization procedure for calculation of the best upper bound is used. The method eliminates the constraints by a simple change of variables thus transforming the usual constrained problem to an unconstrained problem so that more complex velocity fields may be analyzed by the proposed procedure. The results are compared with slipline field analysis.- Experimental Study of Strip Extrusion
Abstract Views :165 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
N. S. Das
1,
S. K. Sahoo
1
Affiliations
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769 008, IN
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769 008, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 2, No 11 (2003), Pagination: 18-22Abstract
In the present investigation, experimental studies were carried out with a view to compare some theoretically predicted plane-strain extrusion loads with experiment, taking into account friction at the billet-die and billet-container interfaces. The study was confined to square dies only and a laboratory extrusion apparatus was used for the purpose with lead as the work material.- Forging off a Truncated Cone:An Upper Bound Analysis
Abstract Views :169 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
S. K. Sahoo
1,
N. S. Das
1
Affiliations
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eegional Engineering College, Rourkela-769 008, IN
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eegional Engineering College, Rourkela-769 008, IN
Source
Manufacturing Technology Today, Vol 2, No 10 (2003), Pagination: 7-11Abstract
We know that it is very difficult to get exact mathematical solution for metal forming problems, hence a number of approximate methods are used. Upper bound method is always preferred for the analysis of metal forming problems as it ensures the metal flow. But till date no attempt has been made to find the upper bound solution of a truncated cone. In the present work a generalized expression for finding out the average forging pressure in case of axisymmetric forging (cold) of a truncated cone is found out considering an exponential velocity field taking account the bulging effect. The effects of taper angle, height and friction on forging load are studied.- Survey of uranium in drinking water sources in India: interim observations
Abstract Views :212 |
PDF Views:81
Authors
Affiliations
1 Health Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, IN
2 Health Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, IN
3 Health Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, IN
1 Health Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, IN
2 Health Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, IN
3 Health Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 120, No 9 (2021), Pagination: 1482-1490Abstract
A nationwide survey is being conducted for mapping uranium content in drinking water sources across India, in association with local educational and research institutions. For this, an optimum grid size of 6 × 6 sq. km was selected based on the international practices for geochemical mapping. About 55,554 surface as well as groundwater samples, used for drinking purpose, were collected covering approximately 1.2 × 106 sq. km. Light emitting diode-based fluorimeter having wide dynamic range and 0.2 μg l–1 lower detection limit was used for direct measurement of uranium content in the water samples. Uranium was detected in 83.6% of all the collected water samples. The geometric mean of uranium concentration in surface and groundwater samples was found to be 0.8 μg l–1 (range: ≤0.2–22 μg l–1) and 2.1 μg l–1 (range: ≤0.2–4918 μg l–1) respectively. Out of 12 water quality parameters measured to understand the geochemical processes governing uranium content in water sources, eight were found to exceed the acceptable limits set by the Bureau of Indian Standards for drinking water. The parameters sulphate, chloride, nitrate, fluoride, total dissolved solids, alkalinity and hardness exceeded their limits by 4.2%, 12.9%, 14%, 20.5%, 34.3%, 45% and 51.6% respectively. Uranium content in 98% of groundwater samples was found to be less than the national limit set by the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board for radiological safety. Dissolved uranium content in groundwater samples showed an upward trend with total dissolved solids and depth of water sources. No surface water samples exceeded the prescribed regulatory limit.Keywords
Drinking water sources, fluorimeter, surface and groundwater, uranium, water quality parameters.Full Text
References
- World Bank report, Deep wells and prudence, towards pragmatic action for addressing ground water overexploitation in India, World Bank, USA, 2010.
- CGWB, National compilation on dynamic ground water resources of India, 2017. Government of India (GoI), Ministry of Jal Shakti, Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, Central Ground Water Board, July 2019.
- CGWB, Concept note on geogenic contamination of ground water in India. Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, GoI, 2014.
- Tripathi, R. M., Sahoo, S. K., Mohapatra, S., Lenka, P., Dubey, J. S. and Puranik, V. D., Study of uranium isotopic composition in groundwater and deviation from secular equilibrium condition. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 2013, 295, 1195–1200; doi:10.1007/ s10967-012-1992-7.
- UNSCEAR, Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation, Annex D – Biological effects of selected internal emitters – Uranium, United Nations, New York, USA, 2016.
- Odette, P., Thomas, V., Eric, A., Pascal, F., Pascale, P., Paivi, K. and Laina, S., Uranium speciation in drinking water from drilled wells in southern Finland and its potential links to health effects. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2009, 43, 3941–3946.
- WHO, Uranium in drinking water. Background document for development of WHO guidelines for drinking-water quality, World Health Organization, Geneva, 2012.
- Liesch, T., Hinrichsen, S. and Goldscheider, N., Uranium in groundwater – fertilizer versus geogenic sources. Sci. Total Environ., 2015, 536, 981–995.
- Woosik, S. et al., Distribution and potential health risk of groundwater uranium in Korea. Chemosphere, 2016, 163, 108–115.
- Stalder, E., Blanc, A. and Haldimanr, A., Occurrence of uranium in Swiss drinking water. Chemosphere, 2012, 86, 672–679.
- Berisha, F. and Goessler, W., Uranium in Kosovo’s drinking water. Chemosphere, 2013, 93, 2165–2170.
- Nolan, J. and Weber, K. A., Natural uranium contamination in major US aquifers linked to nitrate. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 2015, 2, 215–220.
- Babu, M. N. S., Somashekar, R. K., Kumar, S. A., Shivanna, K., Krishnamurthy, V. and Eappen, K. P., Concentration of uranium levels in groundwater. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2008, 5(2), 263.
- Singh, J., Singh, L. and Singh, G., High U-contents observed in some drinking waters of Punjab, India. J. Environ. Radioact., 1995, 26, 217–222.
- Sinha, D. K., Srivastava, P. K., Hansoti, S. K. and Sharma, P. K., Uranium and radon concentration in groundwater of Deccan Trap country and environmental hazard in Keolari–Nainpur area, SeoniMandla district, Madhya Pradesh. Geol. Surv. India Spec. Publ., 1997, 48(2), 115–121.
- Coyte, R. M., Jain, R. C., Srivastava, S. K., Sharma, K. C., Khalil, A., Ma, L. and Venhosh, A., Large-scale uranium contamination of groundwater resources in India. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 2018, 5(6), 341–347.
- IUGS, A global geochemical database for environmental and resource management. Recommendations for International geochemical mapping final report of IGCP Project 259, International Union of Geological Sciences, 2005.
- ISO 5667-1, Water quality. Sampling. Guidance on the design of sampling programmes and sampling techniques, 2006.
- ISO 5667-3, Water quality – Sampling – part 3: preservation and handling of water samples, 2018.
- ISO 5667-14, Water quality. Sampling. Guidance on quality assurance and quality control of environmental water sampling and handling, 2016.
- IS 3025-1, Methods of sampling and test (physical and chemical) for water and waste water, part 1 – Sampling, 1987.
- IS 3025-11, Methods of sampling and test (physical and chemical) for water and wastewater, part 11: pH value, 1983.
- IS 3025-16, Methods of sampling and test (physical and chemical) for water and wastewater, part 16: filterable residue (total dissolved solids), 1984.
- IS 3025-9, Methods of sampling and test (physical and chemical) for water and wastewater, Part 9: temperature, 1984.
- CPCB, Guidelines for water quality monitoring, Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi, MINARS/27/2007-08, 2008.
- APHA, Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Waste Waters, American Public Health Association, Washington DC, 2005, 21st edn.
- Manual of LED Fluorimeter, Quantalase Enterprises Pvt Ltd, Indore, 2015.
- Sahoo, S. K. et al., Distribution of uranium in drinking water and associated age-dependent radiation dose in India. Radiat. Prot. Dosim., 2009, 136(2), 108–113.
- Sahoo, S. K., Mohapatra, S., Patra, A. C., Sumesh, C. G., Jha, V. N., Tripathi, R. M. and Puranik, V. D., Determination of uranium at ultra trace level in packaged drinking water by laser fluorimeter and consequent ingestion dose. Radioprotection, 2010, 45, 55–66.
- IS 3025-21, Methods of sampling and test (physical and chemical) for water and wastewater, part 21: total hardness, 2009.
- IS 3025-23, Methods of sampling and test (physical and chemical) for water and wastewater, part 23: alkalinity, 1986.
- IS 3025-24, Methods of sampling and test (physical and chemical) for water and wastewater, part 24: sulphates, 1986.
- IS 3025-32, Methods of sampling and test (physical and chemical) for water and wastewater, part 32: chloride, 1988.
- IS 3025-31, Methods of sampling and test (physical and chemical) for water and wastewater, part 31: phosphorus, 1988.
- IS 3025-34, Methods of sampling and test (physical and chemical) for water and wastewater, part 34: nitrogen, 1988.
- Shih, W. J. and Binkowitz, B., Median versus geometric mean for lognormal samples. J. Stat. Comput. Simul., 1987, 28(1), 81–83.
- Blackwood, L. G., The lognormal distribution, environmental data and radiological monitoring. Environ. Monit. Assess., 1992, 21, 193–210.
- Sahoo, S. K., Jha, V. N., Patra, A. C., Jha, S. K. and Kulkarni, M. S., Scientific background and methodology adopted on derivation of regulatory limit for uranium in drinking water – a global perspective. J. Environ. Adv., 2020, 2, 100020; doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2020.100020.
- IS 10500, Indian standard drinking water – Specification, Second revision, May 2012.
- CGWB, 2018, Ground Water Year Book – India 2017–18, Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, GoI, Faridabad, 2018.
- Riedel, T. and Kubeck, C., Uranium in groundwater – a synopsis based on a large hydrogeochemical data set. Water Res., 2018, 129, 29–38.
- Jurgens, B. C., Fram, M. S. F., Belitz, K., Burow, K. R. and Landon, M. K., Effects of groundwater development on uranium: Central Valley, California, USA. Ground Water, 2010, 48(6), 913–928.
- Wakayama, H., Revision of drinking water quality standards in Japan, Office of Drinking Water Quality Management, Water Supply Division, Health Service Bureau, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan, 2004.
- Scientific opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain on a request from German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment on uranium in foodstuff, in particular mineral water. EFSA J., 2009, 1018, 1–59.
- WHO, Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Addendum to volume 2, Health criteria and other supporting information, World Health Organization, Geneva, 1998, 2nd edn.
- WHO, Guidelines for drinking-water quality. World Health Organization, Geneva, 1993, 2nd edn.
- WHO, Guidelines for drinking-water quality. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2004, 3rd edn.
- WHO, Guidelines for drinking-water quality. World HealthOrganization, Geneva, 2017, 4th edn.
- IAEA, International basic safety standards for protection against ionizing radiation and for the safety of radiation sources, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, IAEA Safety Series no.115, 1996.
- Raghavayya, M., Secondary limits of exposure in facilities handling uranium. BARC Report No. BARC/1999/E/020, 1999.
- ICRP-61, Annual limits on intake of radionuclides by workersbased on the 1990 recommendations, ICRP Publication 61, Annals of the ICRP 21(4), 1991.
- Jimenez, A. and Rufo, M. D. L. M., Effect of water purification on its radioactive content. Water Res., 2002, 36, 1715–1724.
- Coleman, S. J., Coronado, P. R., Maxwell, R. S. and Reynolds, J. G., Granulated activated carbon modified with hydrophobic silica aerogelpotential composite materials for the removal of uranium from aqueous solutions. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2003, 37(10), 2286–2290.
- Bostick, W. D., Jarabek, R. J., Bostick, D. A. and Conca, J., Phosphate-induced metal stabilization: use of apatite and bone char for the removal of soluble radionuclides in authentic and simulated DOE groundwaters. Adv. Environ. Res., 1999, 3, 488–498.
- Gerente, C., Andres, Y. and Le Cloirec, P., Uranium removal onto chitosan: competition with organic substances. Environ. Technol., 1999, 20, 515–521.
- Farrell, J., Bostic, W. D., Jarabek, R. J. and Fiedor, J. N., Uranium removal from ground water using zero valent iron media. Ground Water, 1999, 37(4), 618–624.
- Morrison, S. J., Metzler, D. R. and Dwye, B. P., Removal of As, Mn, Mo, Se, U, V and Zn from groundwater by zero-valent iron in a passive treatment cell: reaction process modeling. J. Contam. Hydrol., 2003, 56, 99–116.
- Abdelouas, A., Lutze, W., Nuttall, E. and Gong, W., Remediation of U (VI)-contaminated water using zero-valent iron. Earth Planet. Sci., 1999, 328, 315–319.
- Raff, O. and Wilken, R. D., Removal of dissolved uranium by nanofiltration. Desalination, 1999, 122, 147–150.
- Triptathi, R. M. et al., Removal of uranium in water by hybrid membrane technique, BARC Internal Report: BARC/2012/I/016, 2012.